Nipah virus infection in bats: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and seroprevalence (2001–2025)
Authors: D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana, Juan Alejandro Gaviria-Ramírez, Ranjit Sah, Sanjit Sah, Aroop Mohanty, Awad A. Shehata, and Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
Ger. J. Vet. Res
2026.
vol. 6, Iss. 2
pp:46-58
Doi: https://doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2026.2.0188
Abstract:
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic henipavirus responsible for recurrent outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia, with case fatality rates frequently exceeding 40%. Bats, particularly those of the genus Pteropus, are recognized as the principal natural reservoirs. However, reported prevalence and seroprevalence estimates vary widely across regions, species, and diagnostic approaches. To systematically estimate the pooled molecular prevalence and seroprevalence of NiV infection in bat populations worldwide between 2001 and 2025, and to explore heterogeneity across species, countries, and diagnostic methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and SciELO were searched from inception through December 31, 2025. Observational studies reporting molecular or serological detection of NiV in bats were included. Random-effects meta-analyses using the Der Simonian–Laird method were performed to estimate pooled prevalence. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted by country, genus, year, and diagnostic assay. Thirty-seven studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 29 were eligible for meta-analysis. The pooled molecular prevalence by RT-PCR in individually tested bats was 0.4% (95% CI 0.2–0.7%), and 2.4% (95% CI 1.6–3.2%) in pooled-sample studies. Seroprevalence varied by assay, with ELISA showing 9.9% (95% CI 8.4–11.3%), SNT 8.5%, WB 6.0%, IFA 6.7%, and Luminex 12.7%. High heterogeneity was observed across most analyses. Evidence of infection or exposure was identified in multiple bat genera beyond Pteropus. In conclusion, NiV circulates endemically but heterogeneously in bat populations, with broader taxonomic and geographic exposure than previously recognized. Strengthened One Health surveillance is essential to mitigate future spillover risk. These findings provide a quantitative foundation for risk-based surveillance and early warning systems for NiV emergence.
Keywords:
Bats, Nipah, One Health, Prevalence, Seroprevalence, Systematic review and meta-analysis
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