Immunomodulatory feed additives in cattle nutrition: A review

Authors: Laura Koibasova, Georgiy Demchenko, Marat Khanturin, Erbulat Makashev, Serik Abdreshov, Aizhan Mussayeva, Askar Kalekeshov, Makpal Yessenova and Erlan Makashev

Ger. J. Vet. Res 2026. vol. 6, Iss. 2 pp:108-124
Doi: https://doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2026.2.0192

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Abstract:

Maintaining optimal immune status in cattle is essential for sustainable productivity, enhanced resistance to both infectious and non-infectious diseases, and reduced economic losses in livestock production. This review integrates current research findings and relevant observations regarding the role of immunomodulatory feed additives in improving immune function and production performance in cattle. Substantial evidence demonstrates that dietary inclusion of immunomodulatory additives can enhance immune responsiveness, stabilize gut microbiota, and mitigate stress-related effects arising from environmental and management challenges. These benefits are frequently reflected in improved health indicators and increased productive efficiency. The review focuses on major categories of these additives, including probiotics, prebiotics, β-glucans, polysaccharides, vitamins, trace elements, and plant-derived compounds. Their mechanisms of action are discussed, with particular emphasis on immunomodulation, interactions with intestinal microbial communities, and metabolic processes. The application of these feed additives is especially promising when locally available feed resources and agro-industrial by-products provide a strong foundation for the development of sustainable, biologically oriented feeding strategies.

Keywords:

Cattle, probiotics, Feed additive, Vitamins, Gut microbiota, Immune function, Immune modulation

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